Human CMRF-35-H9 receptor which binds IgM

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to the receptor CMRF-35-H9 which inter alia bind immunoglobulin M (IgM). The receptor, together with peptides encoding its extracellular domain, have application in methods of immunomodulation, including in the blocking or inhibition of humoral immune responses in transplant patients.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] This invention relates to the receptor CMRF-35-H9 which inter alia binds immunoglobulin M(IgM)

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] It is well known that the human immune response is stimulated by foreign antigen (Ag). Antigen presenting cells, such as the dendritic cells perform important immunoregulatory functions by presenting antigens in the form of peptides bound to cell-surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to T cells. This initiates a T lymphocyte response which is followed by a humoral or antibody (B lymphocyte derived) immune response. Humoral responses include a primary response with antibodies of the IgM isotype followed by a secondary response with immunoglobulin of the IgG, IgA and IgE isotype. The soluble immunoglobulin interact with Ag in the tissues (opsonisation) and bind, via their functional components (Fc) to receptors (Fc receptors) on different types of white blood cells.

[0003] Given that IgM is the primary antibody produced, the identification and characterisation of cellular IgM receptors and binding proteins has important implications in manipulating immune response in prophylaxis and therapy, particularly in humans.

[0004] The applicant has now identified a receptor on human dendritic and other cells which binds IgM. It is broadly to this receptor, which the applicants have called CMRF-35-H9, that the present invention is directed.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0005] The present invention has a number of aspects. In a first aspect, the invention provides human CMRF-35-H9 which has the amino acid sequence set out in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO. 1), or a functionally equivalent variant thereof.

[0006] In a further aspect, the invention provides a peptide encoding domain of receptor CMRF-35-H9, which is comprised of amino acids 14 to 177 of the amino acid sequence of FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO. 3), or a functionally equivalent variant thereof.

[0007] In a still further aspect, the invention provides a polynucleotide encoding receptor CMRF-35-H9 and/or its extracellular domain as defined above. This polynucleotide molecule is preferably DNA, more preferably cDNA, but can also be RNA.

[0008] In one embodiment, the DNA molecule coding for receptor CMRF-35-H9 comprises the nucleotide sequence set out in FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO. 4), or a sequence which is a functionally equivalent variant thereof.

[0009] In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a DNA molecule coding for a peptide encoding the extracellular domain of human CMRF-35-H9 which comprises nucleotides 120 to 611 of FIG. 2 (SEQ ID NO. 6).

[0010] In yet a further aspect, the invention provides a vector including a polynucleotide as defined above.

[0011] In still a further aspect, the invention provides a method of producing receptor CMRF-35-H9 or the extracellular domain thereof comprising the steps of:

[0012] (a) culturing a suitable host cell which has been transformed or transfected with a vector as defined above to express the encoded receptor CMRF-35-H9 or extracellular domain; and

[0013] (b) recovering the expressed receptor CMRF-35-H9 or extracellular domain.

[0014] In a still further aspect, the present invention provides for the use of receptor CMRF-35-H9 or extracellular domain thereof in the preparation of a medicament suitable for use in methods of therapy or prophylaxis.

[0015] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising receptor CMRF-35-H9 or the extracellular domain thereof also form part of the present invention.

[0016] Other aspects of the invention will be apparent from the description which follows and from the attached claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] While the invention is broadly as defined above, it will be appreciated by those persons skilled in this art that it is not limited thereto and that it includes embodiments more particularly described below.

[0018] In particular, preferred aspects of the invention will be described in relation to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0019]FIG. 1 represents the structure of the receptor of the invention wherein:

[0020] A is a 13 amino acid hydrophobic leader sequence;

[0021] B is a 164 amino acid extracellular domain;

[0022] C is a 24 amino acid transmembrane region; and

[0023] D is a 100 amino acid cytoplasmic domain.

[0024]FIG. 2 represents both the amino acid sequence of the CMRF-35-H9 receptor of the invention and the nucleotides coding therefor. The leader sequence and transmembrane region are underlined. The putative IgM binding domain within the extracellular domain is shown in square brackets. “N” in the sequence indicates an undetermined nucleotide.

[0025]FIG. 3 depicts L cells transfected with the CMRF-35 cDNA binding the CMRF-35 mAb. Panel A shows reactivity of the CMRF-35 mAb with the parental L cells. Panel B is the histogram for the CMRF-35 mAb reactivity with the L cell transfectants expressing CMRF-35 cDNA.

[0026]FIG. 4 depicts binding of mouse immunoglobulin to the L cell transfectants.

[0027] The histograms on the left of the diagram shows the reactivity of mouse immunoglobulins to L cells. On the right are the histograms for the reactivity of mouse immunoglobulins to the CMRF-35 expressing transfectants. A—no primary antibody, B—IgG1, C—IgG2b, D—IgM, E—IgG1 and F—IgG2b.

[0028]FIG. 5 depicts Jurkat cells transfected either with CMRF-35-H9 cDNAs expressing epitopes reacting with the CMRF-35 mAb. A single line indicates Jurkat cells transfected with vector alone.

[0029]FIG. 6 depicted are transfected lines rosetting with human RBC coated with mouse antibodies of the IgM isotype (FIG. 6a) but not IgG2b isotypes (FIG. 6b).

[0030]FIG. 7 the CMRF-35-Ig fusion protein is depicted binding mouse IgM but not mouse IgG2a or IgG1.

[0031]FIG. 8 is an autoradiograph of cell lines transfected with CMRF-35-H9, CMRF-35 and vector only, as well as untransfected cell lines, when reacted with IgM isotype mAb CMRF-75.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0032] A. Human CMRF-35-H9

[0033] Human CMRF-35-H9 of the invention is a new member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene superfamily. More importantly, CMRF-35-H9 binds IgM. The general structure for the receptor is given in FIG. 1. The receptor has the amino acid and nucleotide sequences shown in FIG. 2.

[0034] Individual amino acids are represented by the single letter code as follows: Three-letter One-letter Amino Acid abbreviation symbol Alanine Ala A Arginine Arg R Asparagine Asn N Aspartic acid Asp D Asparagine or aspartic acid Asx B Cysteine Cys C Glutamine Gln Q Glutamic Acid Glu E Glutamine or glutamic acid Glx Z Glycine Gly G Histidine His H Isoleucine Ile I Leucine Leu L Lysine Lys K Methionine Met M Phenylalanine Phe F Proline Pro P Serine Ser S Threonine Thr T Tryptophan Trp W Tyrosine Tyr Y Valine Val V

[0035] The amino acid sequence includes a 13 amino acid leader sequence, a 164 amino acid extracellular domain, a 24 amino acid transmembrane region and a 100 amino acid cytoplasmic region.

[0036] The extracellular domain further includes an Ig binding domain approximately from amino acids 29 to 126 of FIG. 2. This domain includes two sites for N-linked glycosylation between amino acids 82 to 84 and 91 to 93.

[0037] The membrane proximal region of 45 amino acids contains a number of serine and threonine residues suggesting that this region may contain some O-linked glycosylation. In addition, the region contains proline residues indicating that this hinge region may form a fairly rigid structure.

[0038] The 100 amino acid cytoplasmic region of human CMRF-35-H9 contains four tyrosine-containing motifs. By analogy with similar motifs in other transmembrane regions this suggests that this molecule may have a signal transduction role, either positively or negatively.

[0039] Human CMRF-35-H9 can usefully be provided in a number of different forms. These include human CMRF-35-H9 itself, the “mature” form of human CMRF-35-H9, and the extracellular receptor domain of human CMRF-35-H9.

[0040] The “mature” form of human CMRF-35-H9 of the invention is human CMRF-35-H9 less its native amino-terminus leader or signal sequence, whereas the extracellular receptor domain is human CMRF-35-H9 lacking both the transmembrane region and cytoplasmic domain (where present).

[0041] The invention is of course not restricted to receptors having the specific sequences of FIG. 2. Functionally equivalent variants are also contemplated.

[0042] The phrase “functionally equivalent variants” recognises that it is possible to vary the amino acid sequence of a protein while retaining substantially equivalent functionality. For example, a protein can be considered a functional equivalent of another protein for a specific function if the equivalent protein is immunologically cross-reactive with and has at least substantially the same function as the original protein. The equivalent can be, for example, a fragment of the protein, a smaller-sized version of the protein from which one or more amino acids (such as amino acids 210 to 212 of the FIG. 2 sequence) have been deleted (resulting in SEQ ID NO. 2), a fusion of the protein with another protein or carrier, or a fusion of the protein or of a fragment with additional amino acids. It is also possible to substitute amino acids in a sequence with equivalent amino acids using conventional techniques. Groups of amino acids normally held to be equivalent are: (a) Ala, Ser, Thr, Pro, Gly; (b) Asn, Asp, Glu, Gln; (c) His, Arg, Lys; (d) Met, Leu, Ile, Val; and (e) Phe, Tyr, Trp.

[0043] Homologs to human CMRF-35-H9 in other mammals are also “functionally equivalent variants” in the sense this phrase is used herein.

[0044] The probability of one amino acid sequence being functionally equivalent to another can be measured by the computer algorithms BLASTP (Altschul et al 1990 J Mol Biol 215:403-410).

[0045] Collectively, all of the above constitute “receptor CMRF-35-H9”.

[0046] Receptor CMRF-35-H9 of the invention or its extracellular receptor domains may be prepared by methods known in the art. Such methods include protein synthesis from individual amino acids as described by Stuart and Young in “Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis”, Second Edition, Pierce Chemical Company (1984). It is however preferred that human CMRF-35-H9 and/or its extracellular receptor domain be prepared by recombinant methods.

[0047] B. Polynucleotides Encoding Receptor CMRF-35-H9

[0048] In another aspect of this invention, the applicants provide polynucleotides encoding receptor CMRF-35-H9 or its extracellular domain. These polynucleotides may be DNA (isolated from nature, synthesised or cDNA) or RNA. Most often, the polynucleotides will be cDNA.

[0049] In one embodiment, the polynucleotide of the invention comprises the nucleotides encoded by the sequence of FIG. 2, or the coding region thereof between substantially nucleotides 81 to 986. In a further embodiment the polynucleotide comprises the molecule encoded by nucleotides 120 to 611.

[0050] Again, the invention is not restricted to polynucleotides having the specific sequence of FIG. 2. Functionally equivalent variants of the FIG. 2 sequence are also contemplated, including the polynucleotide having the sequence of SEQ ID NO. 5.

[0051] The phrase “functionally equivalent variants” recognises that it is possible to vary the nucleotide sequence coding for a protein and to still express either the same protein (having the same amino acid sequence due to the degeneracy of the nucleic acid code) or a protein having equivalent functionality.

[0052] The probability of one nucleic acid nucleotide being functionally equivalent to another can be measured by the computer algorithm, including by FASTA (Pearson et al 1988 Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. 85 2444-2448).

[0053] Nucleotide sequences coding for homologs to human CMRF-35-H9 in other mammals are also contemplated as “functionally equivalent variants” as this term is used herein.

[0054] C. Recombinant Expression of Human CMRF-35-H9

[0055] In yet another aspect, the present invention relates to the recombinant expression of receptor CMRF-35-H9 or its extracellular domain.

[0056] The polynucleotides that encode CMRF-35-H9 or the extracellular domain may be inserted into known vectors for use in standard recombinant DNA expression protocols. Standard recombinant techniques are those such as are described in Sambrook et al.; “Molecular Cloning” 2nd Edition Cold Spring Harbour Laboratory Press (1987) and by Ausubel et al., Eds, “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1987).

[0057] Vectors useful in eucaryotes such as yeast are available and well known. A suitable example is the 2 m plasmid.

[0058] Suitable vectors for use in mammalian cells are also known. Such vectors include pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) well-known derivatives of SV-40, adenovirus, retrovirus-derived DNA sequences and vectors derived from combination of plasmids and phage DNA.

[0059] A presently preferred mammalian cell expression vector is pcDNA3 (Invitrogen).

[0060] Further eucaryotic expression vectors are known in the art (e.g. P. J. Southern and P. Berg, J. Mol. Appl. Genet 1: 327-341 (1982); S. Subramani et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 1: 854-864 (1981); R. J. Kaufmann and P. A. Sharp, “Amplification And Expression of Sequences Cotransfected with a Modular Dihydrofolate Reductase Complementary DNA Gene,” J. Mol. Biol. 159: 601-621 (1982); R. J. Kaufmann and P. A. Sharp, Mol. Cell. Biol. 159: 601-664 (1982); S. I. Scahill et al, “Expression And Characterization Of The Product Of A Human Immune Interferon DNA Gene In Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80: 4654-4659 (1983); G. Urlaub and L. A. Chasin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 4216-4220, (1980); D. Simmons “Cloning cell surface molecules by transient expression in mammalian cells” in Cellular Interactions in Development—A Practical Approach; Ed. D. Hartley, Oxford University Press (1993).

[0061] The expression vectors useful in the present invention contain at least one expression control sequence that is operatively linked to the DNA sequence or fragment to be expressed. The control sequence is inserted in the vector in order to control and to regulate the expression of the cloned DNA sequence. Examples of useful expression control sequences are the lac system, the trp system, the tac system, the trc system, major operator and promoter regions of phage lambda, the control region of fd coat protein, the glycolytic promoters of yeast, e.g. the promoter for 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, the promoters of yeast acid phosphatase, e.g. Pho5, the promoters of the yeast alpha-mating factors, and promoters derived from cytomegalovirus (CMV), polyoma, adenovirus, retrovirus, and simian virus, e.g. the early and late promoters or SV40, and other sequences known to control the expression of genes of eucaryotic cells and their viruses or combinations thereof.

[0062] A presently preferred promoter is a CMV promoter.

[0063] In the construction of a vector it is also an advantage to be able to distinguish the vector incorporating the foreign DNA from unmodified vectors by a convenient and rapid assay. Such assays include measurable colour changes, antibiotic resistance and the like. In one preferred vector, the O-galactosidase gene is used, which gene is detectable by clones exhibiting a blue phenotype on X-gel plates. This facilitates selection. Once selected, the vectors may be isolated from the culture using routine procedures such as freeze-thaw extraction followed by purification.

[0064] Vectors containing the receptor-encoding DNA and control signals are inserted into a host cell for expression of the receptor. Some useful expression host cells include well-known eucaryotic cells. Suitable eucaryotic cells include yeast and other fungi, insect, animal cells, such as mouse L cells (a fibroblast line) COS cells and CHO cells, human cells and plant cells in tissue culture.

[0065] Depending on the host used, transformation is performed according to standard techniques appropriate to such cells. For mammalian cells the calcium phosphate precipitation method of Graeme and Van Der Eb, Virology 52:546 (1978) is preferred. Transformations into plants may be carried out using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Shaw et al., Gene 23:315 (1983) or into yeast according to the method of Van Solingen et al. J.Bact. 130: 946 (1977) and Hsiao et al. Proceedings, National Academy of Science, 76: 3829 (1979).

[0066] Upon transformation of the selected host with an appropriate vector the polypeptide or peptide encoded can be produced, often in the form of fusion protein, by culturing the host cells. The polypeptide or peptide of the invention may be detected by rapid assays as indicated above. The polypeptide or peptide is then recovered and purified as necessary. Recovery and purification can be achieved using any of those procedures known in the art, for example by adsorption onto and elution from an anion exchange resin.

[0067] D. Ligands

[0068] Ligands that bind to receptor CMRF-35-H9 also have utility.

[0069] The ligand will usually be an antibody or an antibody binding fragment raised against receptor CMRF-35-H9 or its extracellular domain.

[0070] Such antibodies may be polyclonal but are preferably monoclonal. Monoclonal antibodies may be produced by methods known in the art. These methods include the immunological method described by Kohler and Milstein in Nature 256: 495-497 (1975) and Campbell in “Monoclonal Antibody Technology, the Production and Characterization of Rodent and Human Hybridomas” in Burdon et al. Eds, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Volume 13, Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam (1985); as well as by the recombinant DNA method described by Huse et al. in Science 246: 1275-1281 (1989).

[0071] E. Ligand-Antigen constructs

[0072] Ligands which bind to receptor CMRF-35-H9 as expressed on antigen-presenting cells (usually antibodies or antibody-binding fragments) can be coupled or otherwise associated with antigens against which an immune response is desired. In use, the ligand component binds to receptor CMRF-35-H9 and the antigen-presenting cell is ‘primed’ with the associated antigen. This ‘priming’ action will assist in the induction of an immediate immune response against the antigen.

[0073] The ligand-antigen construct can take any appropriate form for administration to the antigen-presenting cells. Such forms may differ depending upon whether the therapeutic protocol involves isolation of the patients antigen-presenting cells (so that the priming action can take place in vitro) or whether the construct is to be administered to a patient in vivo.

[0074] One example of a construct for administration to a patent in vivo is a live recombinant viral vaccine. Such a vaccine includes nucleic acid encoding the CMRF-35-H9 ligand (or a portion thereof) and the antigen. The vaccine is administered to the patient and, once within the patient, expresses the encoded ligand and antigen to bind to the patients antigen-presenting cells (via receptor CMRF-35-H9).

[0075] A number of such live recombinant viral vaccine systems are known. An example of such a system is the Vaccinia virus system (U.S. Pat. No. 4,603,112; Brochier et al., Nature 354: 520 (1991)).

EXPERIMENTAL

[0076] Various aspects of the invention will now be described with reference to the following experiments which demonstrate that receptor CMRF-35-H9 is a molecule which is distinct from CMRF-35, and that CMRF-35-H9 binds IgM.

[0077] A. Receptor Activity of CMRF-35-H9

[0078] Materials and Methods

[0079] Antibodies: The following antibodies were used; CMRF-35 (IgG2_(a)) (Daish et al., Immunology 79:55-63 (1993)), Sal5 (IgG2_(a) isotype control, obtained from Professor H Zola, Adelaide). Flurosecein isothiocyanate-conjugated goat anti-human Fab fragments specific for human IgG, IgA and IgM chains were obtained from DAKO. The following antibodies were produced in the laboratory using standard techniques; CMRF-7 (CD15, IgM), CMRF-10 (erythrocyte b sialoglycoprotein, IgG₁), CMRF14 (erythrocyte a sialoglycoprotein, IgG2_(b)), CMRF-15 (erythrocyte a sialoglycoprotein, IgM), CMRF-17 (B lymphocyte activation antigen, IgM).

[0080] Immunoglobulins: Purified IgM, IgG and IgA were bought from DAKO.

[0081] Purification of IgM: Human IgM was purified from human plasma by dialysis O/N against H₂O to precipitate he euglobulin. The euglobulin was dissolved in 50 mM Tris ClpHSO, 10 mM CaCl₂ and passed over a Sephacryl 300 column. The void eluate was run on a 4-35% gradient gel under reducing conditions to assess the purity of IgM.

[0082] Digestion of IgM: Fcm5 were prepared by digestion of IgM with trypsin at 60° C. and purified on a Sephacryl 300 column.

[0083] Aggregation of IgM and IgG: Purified IgM (10-20 mg/ml) was incubated at 63° C. for 30 minutes in glass tubes. The protein was cooled on ice and dilute with PBS pH 8.0 before pelleting the precipitate by centrifugation at 145,000 g for 60 min at RT. The pellet was resuspended in PBS pH 8.0 and used at approximately 2.5 mg/ml protein.

[0084] Cells: All cells were grown and maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10% FCS, glutamine, penicillin and streptomycin.

[0085] Transfectants: The mouse L cell fibroblast line was transfected with an expression construct for the CMRF-35 cDNA in the pcDNA2 (Invitrogen) expression vector. Stable transfectants were selected after electroporation. Even with Geneticin selection the levels of cell surface CMRF-35 decreased over time and after preliminary experiments these transfectants were abandoned in favour of haemopoietic cell based transfectants. Jurkat cells were transfected by electroporation with the cDNAs for CMRF-35 and CMRF-35-H9 in the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3 (Invitrogen) Transfected cells were selected with 600 mg/ml Geneticin (Life Technologies) and maintained with 200 mg/ml Geneticin. Routine flow cytometry was used to monitor expression.

[0086] Flow cytometry: Cells (0.5×10⁵) were incubated on ice with saturating amounts of antibody or immunoglobulin (100 mg/ml for 30 mins, washed twice in PBS/1% BSA and then labelled with specific FITC conjugated antibody. The primary labelled cells were either analysed on the FACS Vantage or double labelled with phycoerythrin conjugated antibodies before analysis. For double labelling, the cells were washed as before and then incubated in 10% normal mouse serum for 10 mins on ice. The cells were then labelled with directly conjugated antibodies for 30 mins on ice, washed and then analysed.

[0087] Rosetting: Human A-RBC were washed in normal saline and resuspended at a 5% solution. An equal volume (25 ml) 5% RBC was incubated with (25 ml) mAb or human serum for 30 mins at 37° C. The coated cells were then washed in PBS and resuspended at 2% solution. The mAb were used at saturating concentrations and the human serum at a predetermined dilution that resulted in limited aggregation. The coated RBC were then incubated with the transfected cells for 5 mins at 37° C., pelleted at 800 rpm for 3 mins and then incubated on ice for 30 mins. The cells were stained with 1% ethyl violet and rosettes were visualised by light microscopy.

[0088] Alternatively, human serum was replaced with mouse mAb that recognised epitopes on human RBC. In particular, the following mAb were used; CMRF-7 (CD15, IgM), CMRF-10 (erythrocyte b sialoglycoprotein, IgG₁), CMRF14 (erythrocyte a sialoglycoprotein, IgG2_(b)), CMRF-15 (erythrocyte a sialoglycoprotein, IgM), CMRF-17 (B lymphocyte activation antigen, IgM).

[0089] Results

[0090] (i) Binding of the CMRF-35 cDNA Expressed in L Cells to Mouse Ig

[0091] Expression cloning was used to isolate a cDNA that encoded the epitope for the CMRF-35 mAb. This translated sequence of this cDNA indicated that the protein had a single V-like domain indicating that it was a member of the Ig superfamily. It was most similar to the Ig binding domains (domain V1 and V4) of the Ig receptor for polymeric IgA and IgM.

[0092] To determine if the CMRF-35 cDNA expressed a molecule that bound a form of immunoglobulin, stable transfectants were made. Initially, these were made in the mouse fibroblast cell line, L cells. FIG. 3 shows that these cells expressed a cell surface molecule that bound to the CMRF-35 mAb compared to the parental L cells. Initial experiments were performed to determine if these transfectants expressed well characterised receptors for IgG. The transfectants did not bind mAb for specific CD16, CD32 or CD64 (FIG. 4). However they did appear to specifically bind mouse mAb with the IgM and IgG2_(b) isotypes. This indicated that the CMRF-35 cell surface molecule bound the Fc portion of these two isotypes when the immunoglobulin was in a monomeric form.

[0093] (ii) Rosetting of the CMRF-35 cDNA Expressing L Cell Transfectants

[0094] Rosetting analysis was performed to determine if the binding of antibody to specific antigen resulted in conformational changes to the Fc portions of the immunoglobulin. Rosettes were formed with L cell transfectants expressing CMRF-35 and RBC coated with antibodies of the IgM isotypes but not with RBC coated with IgG2b (FIG. 6).

[0095] (iii) Expression of Both cDNAs in Haemopoietic Cells, Jurkat

[0096] In subsequent analysis a second cDNA product was identified that encodes an epitope recognised by the CMRF-35 mAb, CMRF-35-H9 cDNA (FIG. 1). Transfectants expressing the CMRF-35 cDNA or the CMRF-35-H9 cDNA were made in the acute T lymphocyte leukaemic line, Jurkat. Stable transfectants were selected with Geneticin. Transfectants expressing either cDNA bound the CMRF-35 mAb as detected by flow cytometry (FIG. 5).

[0097] (iv) Binding of Human Immunoglobulins to the Transfectants

[0098] Monomeric IgG, IgA and IgM was incubated with the transfectants and binding effected using the second stage anti-human antibodies. FIG. 4 shows the flow cytometry profiles for the binding of the immunoglobulins to the CMRF-35-H9 expressing transfectants. CMRF-35-Ig bound mouse IgM but not mouse Ig2a or IgG1.

[0099] Rosetting of the CMRF-35-H9 and vector only transfectants with human RBC coated with either mouse mAb or human serum were used to determine if the CMRF-35-H9 molecule was able to bind IgM. Binding of the coated RBC with the transfectants was observed.

[0100] Conclusion

[0101] Receptor CMRF-H9 binds IgM and is a distinct molecule from CMRF-35, notwithstanding that both are bound by mAb CMRF-35.

[0102] B. IgM mAb Reactivity of Cell Lines Transfected with CMRF-35-H9

[0103] Cell lines transfected with CMRF-35-H9, CMRF-35, vector only were subjected to the following procedures (untransfected cell lines being included as a control):

[0104] Cell Lysis

[0105] Cells at 10⁸/ml were solubilised by incubation (1 hr, 4° C.) of cells in lysis buffer (150 mM NaCl, 100 mM Tris, 0.02% NaN₃, pH7.8) containing detergent (0.5% Triton-X-100 and 0.25% CHAPS) and the protease inhibitor mix, Complete™ (Boehringer Mannheim). Following centrifugation (10,000× g, 10 min), lysates (1×10⁶ cell equivalents/lane) were fractionated on a reducing SDS-PAGE gel and transferred to nitrocellulose (HybondC, Amersham)

[0106] Western Blot Detection

[0107] Western blot detection was performed on transfected cell lines as follows. Antigens bound to nitrocellulose membranes were renatured by overnight incubation at 37° C. in 100-200 ml PBS with gentle shaking. Membranes were blocked in 5% milk powder/PBS (1 hr, room temperature) before incubation (overnight, 4° C.) with mAb solution. For incubation with IgM isotype antibodies CMRF-75 20% human serum was added to the blocking solution. Purified mAb was used at approximately 10 μg/ml in 1% non fat milk powder (MP)/PBS solution and culture supernatant was diluted 4:1 with 5% MP/PBS and supplemented with HEPES (pH7.4) to a final concentration of 10 mM. Once again for CMRF-75 antibodies of IgM isotype 20% human serum was added to the diluent. Following incubation, membranes were washed in cold PBS (5× over 5 min) then crosslinked by incubating for 15 min with 0.25% glutaraldehyde/PBS. Membranes were then washed sequentially (15 min each wash) with; 0.1M glycine in PBS, pH8.5 (two changes used) to block residual glutaraldehyde reactive groups, 0.1% BSA/PBS, 1% MP/PBS and 0.1% goat serum (GS)/PBS. Following washing, the membranes were incubated (1 hr) with biotin conjugated goat anti-mouse Ig (Dako) diluted (1:1000) in 10% GS/PBS then washed in PBS (10 min) and briefly in 0.05% Tween 20/PBS. Membranes were then incubated (1 hr) with streptavidin conjugated horseradish peroxidase (Dako) diluted (1:1000) in 1% BSA/PBS then washed with 0.05% Tween 20/PBS. Reactive protein bands were then visualised by chemiluminesence using Super Signal (Pierce, Ill., USA) and exposure to autoradiographic film (XAR-5 Kodak). The molecular weight of visualised bands was determined by comparison with biotinylated molecular weight standards (Biorad).

[0108] The results are shown in FIG. 8. The IgM isotype antibody CMRF-75 reacted inter alia with cell lines transfected with CMRF-35-H9.

[0109] Conclusion

[0110] IgM isotype antibodies bind to cell lines expressing receptor CMRF-35-H9.

[0111] I. Utilities

[0112] The CMRF-35-H9 receptor and extracellular domain thereof have broad utilities in methods of therapy and prophylaxis. These include:

[0113] i) A method for modulating an immune response in a patient, the method comprising administering to said patient receptor CMRF-35-H9 or extracellular domain thereof or ligand or ligand-antigen construct thereto in an amount effective to modulate an immune response.

[0114] The term “modulating” is used herein to refer to stimulating, amplifying, blocking or inhibiting an immune response. The ligand will usually be an antibody or antibody binding fragment raised against receptor CMRF-35-H9 or its extracellular domains.

[0115] ii) A method for blocking or inhibiting a humoral immune response in a patient, the method comprising administering to said patient receptor CMRF-35-H9 or extracellular domain thereof in an amount effective to bind available IgM.

[0116] In one application of this method, receptor CMRF-35-H9 or the extracellular domain thereof may be administered to a patient receiving a transplant, in an amount effective to inhibit a humoral immune response in that patient.

[0117] In broad terms, the administration of the CMRF-35-H9 or extracellular domain causes antibody adsorption thereto. The adsorbed antibody is then no longer free to bind to the transplant, thereby inhibiting the humoral immune response.

[0118] The receptor domain can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, topically, orally, intranasally, rectally or intracerebroventricularly, as appropriate. Preparation of administrable forms of the receptor or domain together with pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, carriers or excipients are well known in the art.

[0119] General assistance in the preparation of such formulations may be obtained from Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences, 16th Edition, Easton: Mac Publishing Company (1980); The National formulary XIV 14th Edition, Washington: American Pharmaceutical Association (1975); and Goodman and Gillmans “The Pharmaceutical basis for Therapeutics”, 7th Edition, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0120] iii) A method for loading a protective antigen into an antigen presenting cell, the method comprising combing the antigen presenting cell with CMRF-35-H9 receptor/domain ligand-antigen construct. Preferably, the antigen presenting cell is a B-lymphocyte or dendritic cell, most preferably a dendritic cell.

[0121] iv) A related method for stimulating an immune response comprises loading an antigen into an antigen presenting cell according to the method of paragraph iii). Preferably the immune response is a primary T lymphocyte immune response.

[0122] v) A method for diagnosing myeloid leukaemia in a patient, comprising

[0123] (a) determining the CMRF-35-H9 level in a sample from said patient; and

[0124] (b) comparing the level to a known standard, an increased level of CMRF-35-H9 or decreased level of promyelocytic leukaemia being diagnostic of leukaemia.

[0125] The term “standard sample” is used to refer to a sample taken from a comparative animal or human which does not have myeloid leukaemia. A level statistically significant above the standard may be diagnostic of leukaemia.

[0126] Preferably, the sample is a blood or bone marrow sample. Most preferably, a comparison may be made of CMRF-35-H9 levels on CD34+ cells from bone marrow samples. These cells express the CMRF-35-H9 receptor indicating its utility as an early marker in the detection of myeloid leukaemia.

[0127] Those persons skilled in the art will of course appreciate that the above description is provided by way of example only and that the invention is not limited thereto.

1 7 1 301 PRT Homo sapiens 1 Met Trp Leu Pro Trp Ala Leu Leu Leu Ile Trp Val Pro Gly Cys Phe 1 5 10 15 Ala Leu Ser Lys Cys Arg Thr Val Ala Gly Pro Trp Gly Ser Leu Ser 20 25 30 Val Gln Cys Pro Tyr Glu Lys Glu His Arg Thr Leu Asn Lys Tyr Trp 35 40 45 Cys Arg Pro Pro Gln Ile Phe Leu Cys Asp Lys Ile Val Glu Thr Lys 50 55 60 Gly Ser Ala Gly Lys Arg Asn Gly Arg Val Ser Ile Arg Asp Ser Pro 65 70 75 80 Ala Asn Leu Ser Phe Thr Val Thr Leu Glu Asn Leu Thr Glu Glu Asp 85 90 95 Ala Gly Thr Tyr Trp Cys Gly Val Asp Thr Pro Trp Leu Arg Asp Phe 100 105 110 His Asp Pro Val Val Glu Val Glu Val Ser Val Phe Pro Ala Ser Thr 115 120 125 Ser Met Thr Pro Ala Ser Ile Thr Ala Ala Lys Thr Ser Thr Ile Thr 130 135 140 Thr Ala Phe Pro Pro Val Ser Ser Thr Thr Leu Phe Ala Val Gly Ala 145 150 155 160 Thr His Ser Ala Ser Ile Gln Glu Glu Thr Glu Glu Val Val Asn Ser 165 170 175 Gln Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 180 185 190 Val Gly Ala Ser Leu Leu Ala Trp Arg Met Phe Gln Lys Trp Ile Lys 195 200 205 Trp Ile Lys Ala Gly Asp His Ser Glu Leu Ser Gln Asn Pro Lys Gln 210 215 220 Ala Ala Thr Gln Ser Glu Leu His Tyr Ala Asn Leu Glu Leu Leu Met 225 230 235 240 Trp Pro Leu Gln Glu Lys Pro Ala Pro Pro Arg Glu Val Glu Val Glu 245 250 255 Tyr Ser Thr Val Ala Ser Pro Arg Glu Glu Leu His Tyr Ala Ser Val 260 265 270 Val Phe Asp Ser Asn Thr Asn Arg Ile Ala Ala Gln Arg Pro Arg Glu 275 280 285 Glu Glu Pro Asp Ser Asp Tyr Ser Val Ile Arg Lys Thr 290 295 300 2 298 PRT Homo sapiens 2 Met Trp Leu Pro Trp Ala Leu Leu Leu Ile Trp Val Pro Gly Cys Phe 1 5 10 15 Ala Leu Ser Lys Cys Arg Thr Val Ala Gly Pro Trp Gly Ser Leu Ser 20 25 30 Val Gln Cys Pro Tyr Glu Lys Glu His Arg Thr Leu Asn Lys Tyr Trp 35 40 45 Cys Arg Pro Pro Gln Ile Phe Leu Cys Asp Lys Ile Val Glu Thr Lys 50 55 60 Gly Ser Ala Gly Lys Arg Asn Gly Arg Val Ser Ile Arg Asp Ser Pro 65 70 75 80 Ala Asn Leu Ser Phe Thr Val Thr Leu Glu Asn Leu Thr Glu Glu Asp 85 90 95 Ala Gly Thr Tyr Trp Cys Gly Val Asp Thr Pro Trp Leu Arg Asp Phe 100 105 110 His Asp Pro Val Val Glu Val Glu Val Ser Val Phe Pro Ala Ser Thr 115 120 125 Ser Met Thr Pro Ala Ser Ile Thr Ala Ala Lys Thr Ser Thr Ile Thr 130 135 140 Thr Ala Phe Pro Pro Val Ser Ser Thr Thr Leu Phe Ala Val Gly Ala 145 150 155 160 Thr His Ser Ala Ser Ile Gln Glu Glu Thr Glu Glu Val Val Asn Ser 165 170 175 Gln Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu 180 185 190 Val Gly Ala Ser Leu Leu Ala Trp Arg Met Phe Gln Lys Trp Ile Lys 195 200 205 Ala Gly Asp His Ser Glu Leu Ser Gln Asn Pro Lys Gln Ala Ala Thr 210 215 220 Gln Ser Glu Leu His Tyr Ala Asn Leu Glu Leu Leu Met Trp Pro Leu 225 230 235 240 Gln Glu Lys Pro Ala Pro Pro Arg Glu Val Glu Val Glu Tyr Ser Thr 245 250 255 Val Ala Ser Pro Arg Glu Glu Leu His Tyr Ala Ser Val Val Phe Asp 260 265 270 Ser Asn Thr Asn Arg Ile Ala Ala Gln Arg Pro Arg Glu Glu Glu Pro 275 280 285 Asp Ser Asp Tyr Ser Val Ile Arg Lys Thr 290 295 3 164 PRT Homo sapiens 3 Gly Cys Phe Ala Leu Ser Lys Cys Arg Thr Val Ala Gly Pro Trp Gly 1 5 10 15 Ser Leu Ser Val Gln Cys Pro Tyr Glu Lys Glu His Arg Thr Leu Asn 20 25 30 Lys Tyr Trp Cys Arg Pro Pro Gln Ile Phe Leu Cys Asp Lys Ile Val 35 40 45 Glu Thr Lys Gly Ser Ala Gly Lys Arg Asn Gly Arg Val Ser Ile Arg 50 55 60 Asp Ser Pro Ala Asn Leu Ser Phe Thr Val Thr Leu Glu Asn Leu Thr 65 70 75 80 Glu Glu Asp Ala Gly Thr Tyr Trp Cys Gly Val Asp Thr Pro Trp Leu 85 90 95 Arg Asp Phe His Asp Pro Val Val Glu Val Glu Val Ser Val Phe Pro 100 105 110 Ala Ser Thr Ser Met Thr Pro Ala Ser Ile Thr Ala Ala Lys Thr Ser 115 120 125 Thr Ile Thr Thr Ala Phe Pro Pro Val Ser Ser Thr Thr Leu Phe Ala 130 135 140 Val Gly Ala Thr His Ser Ala Ser Ile Gln Glu Glu Thr Glu Glu Val 145 150 155 160 Val Asn Ser Gln 4 903 DNA Homo sapiens 4 atgtggctgc cttgggctct gttgcttctc tgggtcccag gatgttttgc tctgagcaaa 60 tgcaggaccg tggcgggccc gtggggatcc ctgagtgtgc agtgtcccta tgagaaggaa 120 cacaggaccc tcaacaaata ctggtgcaga ccaccacaga ttttcctatg tgacaagatt 180 gtggagacca aagggtcagc aggaaaaagg aacggccgag tgtccatcag ggacagtcct 240 gcaaacctca gcttcacagt gaccctggag aatctcacag aggaggatgc aggcacctac 300 tggtgtgggg tggatacacc atggctccga gactttcatg atcccgttgt cgaggttgag 360 gtgtccgtgt tcccggcatc aacgtcaatg acacctgcaa gtatcactgc ggccaagacc 420 tcaacaatca caactgcatt tccacctgta tcatccacta ccctgtttgc agtgggtgcc 480 acccacagtg ccagcatcca ggaggaaact gaggaggtgg tgaactcaca gctcccgctg 540 ctcctctccc tgctggcatt gttgctgctt ctgttggtgg gggcctccct gctagcctgg 600 aggatgtttc agaaatggat caaatggatc aaagctggtg accattcaga gctgtcccag 660 aaccccaagc aggctgccac gcagagtgag ctgcactacg caaatctgga gctgctgatg 720 tggcctctgc aggaaaagcc agcaccacca agggaggtgg aggtggaata cagcactgtg 780 gcctccccca gggaagaact tcactatgcc tcggtggtgt ttgattctaa caccaacagg 840 atagctgctc agaggcctcg ggaggaggaa ccagattcag attacagtgt gataaggaag 900 aca 903 5 894 DNA Homo sapiens 5 atgtggctgc cttgggctct gttgcttctc tgggtcccag gatgttttgc tctgagcaaa 60 tgcaggaccg tggcgggccc gtggggatcc ctgagtgtgc agtgtcccta tgagaaggaa 120 cacaggaccc tcaacaaata ctggtgcaga ccaccacaga ttttcctatg tgacaagatt 180 gtggagacca aagggtcagc aggaaaaagg aacggccgag tgtccatcag ggacagtcct 240 gcaaacctca gcttcacagt gaccctggag aatctcacag aggaggatgc aggcacctac 300 tggtgtgggg tggatacacc atggctccga gactttcatg atcccgttgt cgaggttgag 360 gtgtccgtgt tcccggcatc aacgtcaatg acacctgcaa gtatcactgc ggccaagacc 420 tcaacaatca caactgcatt tccacctgta tcatccacta ccctgtttgc agtgggtgcc 480 acccacagtg ccagcatcca ggaggaaact gaggaggtgg tgaactcaca gctcccgctg 540 ctcctctccc tgctggcatt gttgctgctt ctgttggtgg gggcctccct gctagcctgg 600 aggatgtttc agaaatggat caaagctggt gaccattcag agctgtccca gaaccccaag 660 caggctgcca cgcagagtga gctgcactac gcaaatctgg agctgctgat gtggcctctg 720 caggaaaagc cagcaccacc aagggaggtg gaggtggaat acagcactgt ggcctccccc 780 agggaagaac ttcactatgc ctcggtggtg tttgattcta acaccaacag gatagctgct 840 cagaggcctc gggaggagga accagattca gattacagtg tgataaggaa gaca 894 6 492 DNA Homo sapiens 6 ggatgttttg ctctgagcaa atgcaggacc gtggcgggcc cgtggggatc cctgagtgtg 60 cagtgtccct atgagaagga acacaggacc ctcaacaaat actggtgcag accaccacag 120 attttcctat gtgacaagat tgtggagacc aaagggtcag caggaaaaag gaacggccga 180 gtgtccatca gggacagtcc tgcaaacctc agcttcacag tgaccctgga gaatctcaca 240 gaggaggatg caggcaccta ctggtgtggg gtggatacac catggctccg agactttcat 300 gatcccgttg tcgaggttga ggtgtccgtg ttcccggcat caacgtcaat gacacctgca 360 agtatcactg cggccaagac ctcaacaatc acaactgcat ttccacctgt atcatccact 420 accctgtttg cagtgggtgc cacccacagt gccagcatcc aggaggaaac tgaggaggtg 480 gtgaactcac ag 492 7 1638 DNA Homo sapiens CDS (81)..(983) modified_base (1315) a, t, c, g, other or unknown 7 cgggggaggc gtgactttcc cctcgggtcc aggtagggcc tggagctgct gcaagtgccg 60 cctgtgctgg ggaagggacc atg tgg ctg cct tgg gct ctg ttg ctt ctc tgg 113 Met Trp Leu Pro Trp Ala Leu Leu Leu Leu Trp 1 5 10 gtc cca gga tgt ttt gct ctg agc aaa tgc agg acc gtg gcg ggc ccg 161 Val Pro Gly Cys Phe Ala Leu Ser Lys Cys Arg Thr Val Ala Gly Pro 15 20 25 tgg gga tcc ctg agt gtg cag tgt ccc tat gag aag gaa cac agg acc 209 Trp Gly Ser Leu Ser Val Gln Cys Pro Tyr Glu Lys Glu His Arg Thr 30 35 40 ctc aac aaa tac tgg tgc aga cca cca cag att ttc cta tgt gac aag 257 Leu Asn Lys Tyr Trp Cys Arg Pro Pro Gln Ile Phe Leu Cys Asp Lys 45 50 55 att gtg gag acc aaa ggg tca gca gga aaa agg aac ggc cga gtg tcc 305 Ile Val Glu Thr Lys Gly Ser Ala Gly Lys Arg Asn Gly Arg Val Ser 60 65 70 75 atc agg gac agt cct gca aac ctc agc ttc aca gtg acc ctg gag aat 353 Ile Arg Asp Ser Pro Ala Asn Leu Ser Phe Thr Val Thr Leu Glu Asn 80 85 90 ctc aca gag gag gat gca ggc acc tac tgg tgt ggg gtg gat aca cca 401 Leu Thr Glu Glu Asp Ala Gly Thr Tyr Trp Cys Gly Val Asp Thr Pro 95 100 105 tgg ctc cga gac ttt cat gat ccc gtt gtc gag gtt gag gtg tcc gtg 449 Trp Leu Arg Asp Phe His Asp Pro Val Val Glu Val Glu Val Ser Val 110 115 120 ttc ccg gca tca acg tca atg aca cct gca agt atc act gcg gcc aag 497 Phe Pro Ala Ser Thr Ser Met Thr Pro Ala Ser Ile Thr Ala Ala Lys 125 130 135 acc tca aca atc aca act gca ttt cca cct gta tca tcc act acc ctg 545 Thr Ser Thr Ile Thr Thr Ala Phe Pro Pro Val Ser Ser Thr Thr Leu 140 145 150 155 ttt gca gtg ggt gcc acc cac agt gcc agc atc cag gag gaa act gag 593 Phe Ala Val Gly Ala Thr His Ser Ala Ser Ile Gln Glu Glu Thr Glu 160 165 170 gag gtg gtg aac tca cag ctc ccg ctg ctc ctc tcc ctg ctg gca ttg 641 Glu Val Val Asn Ser Gln Leu Pro Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu Leu Ala Leu 175 180 185 ttg ctg ctt ctg ttg gtg ggg gcc tcc ctg cta gcc tgg agg atg ttt 689 Leu Leu Leu Leu Leu Val Gly Ala Ser Leu Leu Ala Trp Arg Met Phe 190 195 200 cag aaa tgg atc aaa tgg atc aaa gct ggt gac cat tca gag ctg tcc 737 Gln Lys Trp Ile Lys Trp Ile Lys Ala Gly Asp His Ser Glu Leu Ser 205 210 215 cag aac ccc aag cag gct gcc acg cag agt gag ctg cac tac gca aat 785 Gln Asn Pro Lys Gln Ala Ala Thr Gln Ser Glu Leu His Tyr Ala Asn 220 225 230 235 ctg gag ctg ctg atg tgg cct ctg cag gaa aag cca gca cca cca agg 833 Leu Glu Leu Leu Met Trp Pro Leu Gln Glu Lys Pro Ala Pro Pro Arg 240 245 250 gag gtg gag gtg gaa tac agc act gtg gcc tcc ccc agg gaa gaa ctt 881 Glu Val Glu Val Glu Tyr Ser Thr Val Ala Ser Pro Arg Glu Glu Leu 255 260 265 cac tat gcc tcg gtg gtg ttt gat tct aac acc aac agg ata gct gct 929 His Tyr Ala Ser Val Val Phe Asp Ser Asn Thr Asn Arg Ile Ala Ala 270 275 280 cag agg cct cgg gag gag gaa cca gat tca gat tac agt gtg ata agg 977 Gln Arg Pro Arg Glu Glu Glu Pro Asp Ser Asp Tyr Ser Val Ile Arg 285 290 295 aag aca taggtcctgc ctcgccatcg gagctctcat gggccccagg aagtcaggga 1033 Lys Thr 300 cagctccctt atacctggcc cacgtccttc tcagcctgcc ctcgacaaca gtgaccaaca 1093 gacaggcagc tgggtttcca ggccatccct ctgttgccat cagcttgatt ggcttccccg 1153 agggccagca gggctggggc tccggagagc agcaggaagc actcccagcc accagtgcct 1213 gtcacctctt tcccctttgc ccctgcttca tcccagctct gtgtgtggag gacaaagctt 1273 cttcctgcgt ggctccagga aaagatgtgg ctcacgtagg tngcacctgc caatagcttt 1333 gtcaatcaca gccccatagg aacgtctgga attgcttggg agttggggag aactgtcaag 1393 aagagtgaag agagtgccaa agcggagatc tgttcacctg ggtggagggg accactaaga 1453 tcaagatcaa agattctccc catctcacag acaaggaaac tgagnnagag ggaggagaga 1513 attgctcatg gctccagaac tggtggcaag tttctctgga ctctttaggt ttatttttaa 1573 tatgaaatat aaaaacagtt tcaaatatct tattgaggga gaagtaaaaa cttatttaaa 1633 ccccg 1638 

1. Receptor CMRF-35-H9 which binds IgM and which has an amino acid sequence as set out in SEQ ID NO. 1, or a functionally equivalent variant thereof.
 2. Receptor CMRF-35-H9 which binds IgM and which has the amino acid sequence set out in SEQ ID NO.
 1. 3. Receptor CMRF-35-H9 which binds IgM and which has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO.
 2. 4. A peptide which codes for the extracellular domain of receptor CMRF-35-H9 which binds IgM and which comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO. 3, or a functionally equivalent variant thereof.
 5. A peptide according to claim 4 which binds IgM and which comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.
 3. 6. A polynucleotide which encodes receptor CMRF-35-H9 as defined in claim 1 or claim
 2. 7. A polynucleotide which encodes receptor CMRF-35-H9 as defined in claim
 3. 8. A polynucleotide which encodes a peptide as claimed in claim 4 or claim
 5. 9. A polynucleotide as claimed in claim 6 which is DNA.
 10. A polynucleotide as claimed in claim 7 which is DNA.
 11. A polynucleotide as claimed in claim 8 which is DNA.
 12. A polynucleotide as claimed in claim 9 which comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO. 4, or a sequence which is a functionally equivalent variant thereof.
 13. A polynucleotide accordingly to claim 12 which comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO.
 4. 14. A polynucleotide as claimed in claim 10 which comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO.
 5. 15. A polynucleotide which comprises the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO.
 6. 16. A vector which includes a polynucleotide as claimed in any one of claims 9 to
 15. 17. A method of producing receptor CMRF-35-H9 or a peptide encoding the extracellular domain thereof comprising the steps of: (a) culturing a suitable host cell which has been transformed or transfected with a vector as claimed in claim 16 to express the encoded receptor CMRF-35-H9 or extracellular domain; and (b) recovering the expressed product.
 18. The use of receptor CMRF-35-H9 or a peptide encoding the extracellular domain thereof as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 in the preparation of a medicament.
 19. A pharmaceutical composition comprising receptor CMRF-35-H9 or a peptide encoding the extracellular domain thereof as claimed in any one of claims 1 to
 5. 20. A ligand/antigen construct wherein said ligand binds receptor CMRF-35-H9 or a peptide encoding the extracellular domain thereof as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, and wherein said antigen is an antigen to which a host immune response is desirable.
 21. A method of modulating an immune response in a patient, the method comprising administering to said patient receptor CMRF-35-H9 or a peptide encoding the extracellular domain thereof as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, or a construct as claimed in claim 20, in an amount effective to modulate an immune response.
 22. A method for blocking or inhibiting a humoral immune response in a patient, the method comprising administering to said patient receptor CMRF-35-H9 or a peptide encoding the extracellular domain thereof as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5 in an amount effective to bind available IgM.
 23. A method according to claim 22 wherein said patient is a patient who has or is about to receive a transplant. 